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Al-Andalus e o Califato de Córdoba

Escándalo na Península Ibérica! Al-Andalus independízase! Chega o Califato.

Evolución histórica de Al-Andalus
Periodos da historia de Al Ándalus.1.Al-Ándalus como emirato 2. Al-Ándalus como califato 3. Al-Ándalus como parte dos imperios bereberes 4. Reino de Granada

Califato de Córdoba (929 - 1036)

No ano 912 accede ao poder de Al-Andalus, Abd-al-rahman III, nun momento moi delicado, por mor dos enfrontamentos internos do emirato, os ataques dos reinos do Norte (León, Navarra, Castela) e as ameazas ao comercio marítimo por parte dos musulmáns do Norte de África.

Para dar solución, a estes problemas, o novo emir someteu aos reinos do norte e obrigounos a pagar impostos; tamén creou bases militares nos territorios do Estreito de Xibraltar, protexendo así o comercio. Para rematar, solucións os problemas internos impoñendo a súa autoridade sobre todos os grupos sociais.

Nesta situación de estabilidade, Abd-al-rahman III proclámase califa dos crentes de Al-Andalus no ano 929, asumindo a autoridade política e relixiosa.

Iníciase así o Califato de Córdoba, o período de maior esplendor de Al-Andalus, cunha importante expansión económica (comercio marítimo moi activo) e freando os avances dos reinos cristiáns do norte (chegando algún a ser vasalos de Al-Andalus). Incluso, durante o califato, producíronse incursións de saqueo neses reinos, destacando as de Almanzor ou Al-Mansur a finais do século X.

Reinos de Taifa (1031 - 1237)

A prosperidade do Califato de Córdoba crébase pola presión da aristocracia, dos altos funcionarios e do exército, tentando fuxir do control do califa.

Neste período Al-Andalus fragmentouse en 25 pequenos reinos, coñecidos como TAIFAS (cidades-estado, rodeadas de territorio, coa cidade como centro económico). Entre estes reinos destacaron Sevilla, Granada, Denia, Tortosa, Badaxoz, Toledo e Zaragoza.

Estes reinos caracterizáronse por:

- A intención de manter o esplendor árabe na Península.

- A prosperidade económica.

- Grande importancia cultural.

- Escaso poder militar que provocou a perda territorial ante o avance dos reinos do norte, malia a axuda de almorábides e almohades (pobos chegados dende o Norte de África).

Almorábides e almohades (1085 - 1212)

Ante o avance cristián, os árabes de Al-Andalus pídenlle axuda aos seus veciños africanos. Dous pobos chegan á península, en dúas vagas no século XII:

- Os almorábides: confederación de tribos bérberes, caracterizado polo seu fanatismo relixioso e a defensa da Guerra Santa para defender a súa relixión.

- Os almohades: tribo bérber do norte de África para frear a decadencia de Al-Andalus. Foron derrotados polos reinos cristiáns na Batalla das Navas de Tolosa no ano 1212.

Só a Taifa de Granada quedará fóra do control dos reinos do norte.

Reino Nazarí de Granada (1237 - 1492)

A taifa de Granada converteuse no último núcleo árabe da Península. O pequeno reino estaba gobernado por sultáns ou reis da dinastía nazarí (descendentes das familias do Norte de África).

Estendíase polas actuais provincias de Almería, Granada, Málaga e parte de Cádiz.

Para a súa supervivencia exerceron un gran control da zona costeira, con importantes portos comerciais e unha próspera agricultura de regadío.

Esta riqueza permitiulles sobrevivir malia aos grandes impostos en ouro que debían aos reis de Castela.

O reino foi conquistado polos Reis Católicos no 1492. Isto non supuxo o final da presenza árabe na península, mais si o final de Al-Andalus e o seu dominio político.

Estas incursións recibían o nome de RAZIA ou RAZZIA.

Lectura facilitada

O Califato de Córdoba (929 - 1036)

Abd-al-rahman III chegou ao trono no ano 912.

O emirato era atacado polos reinos do Norte e polos árabes do norte de África.

Conseguiu, coa súa política, sometelos e pacificar o territorio.

No ano 929 proclámase califa de Al-Andalus, asumindo a autoridade política e relixiosa

Iníciase así o Califato de Córdoba, o período de maior esplendor de Al-Andalus,

cunha importante expansión económica (comercio marítimo moi activo) e freando os avances dos reinos cristiáns do norte.

A finais do século X, producíronse incursións de saqueo contra os reinos do norte, destacando as realizadas por Almanzor.

Reinos de Taifa (1008- 1031)

A prosperidade do Califato de Córdoba crébase e Al-Andalus fragméntase en 25 pequenos reinos, coñecidos como TAIFAS (cidades-estado).

Estes reinos caracterizáronse por:

- A intención de manter o esplendor árabe na Península.

- A prosperidade económica.

- Grande importancia cultural.

- Escaso poder militar.

Almorábides e Almohades:

Ante o avance cristián, os árabes de Al-Andalus pídenlle axuda aos seus veciños africanos.

Dous pobos bérebers chegan á península, en dúas vagas no século XII:

Os Almorábides e os Almohades (estes foron derrotados na Batalla das Navas de Tolosa no ano 1212).

O Reino Nazarí de Granada:

A taifa de Granada converteuse no último núcleo árabe da Península, gobernado por sultáns ou reis da dinastía nazarí.

Estendíase polas actuais provincias de Almería, Granada, Málaga e parte de Cádiz.

O reino foi conquistado polos Reis Católicos no 1492.

Sopa de letras

2

Atopar as palabras ocultas, referidas as distintas fases políticas de Al-Andalus.

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Al-Andalus: un pobo rico e culto. Como o conseguiron?

Economía árabe.

No mundo musulmán, o centro económico era a cidade (as medinas). Nelas producíanse intercambios de produtos agrarios e artesáns, especialmente nos mercados ou zocos. As medinas conectaban co comercio internacional.

A súa economía fundamentouse en dous piares:

1.- O sistema de impostos: sustentaba a administración do Estado e favorecía o desenvolvemento da agricultura e a industria.

2.- A unidade monetaria: polo mundo islámico circulaban dúas moedas, o dinar de ouro e o dirhem/dirham de prata.

As principais actividades económicas que se desenvolveron na península Ibérica foron:

1.- A Agricultura, que ocupaba a gran parte da poboación. Desenvolveron novas técnicas, debido ao seu clima seco, semellantes ao regadío (escavación de pozos e a construción de noras e aceas). Cultivaron: oliveiras, cana de azucre, trigo, albaricoques, uvas, algodón... e novos cultivos: arroz, cítricos, o cánabo, ...

Produtos árabes de al-Andalus
Produtos árabes de al-Andalus

2.- A Artesanía: téxtil, cerámica, xoiería, coiro, forxa, vidro etc... organizada e controlada polo Estado. Introduciron en Al-Andalus a produción de seda (considerado un produto de luxo, que acadou en Granada unha gran produción por darse ben a moreira). Dicirvos como curiosidade que os homes musulmáns non empregaban roupa de seda, pois considerábano un material propio para as mulleres.

3.- O Comercio: Estivo activo a nivel local (cidades andalusís) e internacional (dende a Península Ibérica ata a India). Comercializaron con produtos procedentes de Europa, África e Oriente. Importaban materias primas, ouro, prata, escravos, etc e exportaban produtos agrícolas e artesanías (seda e cobre).

Sociedade árabe. Canta diversidade social!

A sociedade andalusí foi o resultado da suma de diversas culturas, relixións e grupos sociais. Estaba organizada en dous grandes grupos:

1.- MUSULMÁNS: organizábanse, segundo a súa fortuna, en tres grupos sociais: clase alta (aristócratas, terratenentes, altos funcionarios e grandes mercadores); clase media (médicos, intelectuais, artistas... ao servizo da clase alta) e a clase baixa ou humilde (campesiños, pequenos artesáns e escravos).

1.1.- Árabes: minoría que dirixira a conquista e que constituía a elite social e política. Exercían o poder político e eran os terratenentes.

1.2.- Bérberes: grupos que chegaron nos primeiros momentos da conquista da Península (mauri ou mouros). De carácter humilde, dedicábanse fundamentalmente ao pastoreo.

1.3.- Muladís: hispano-visigodos convertidos ao Islam e que adoptaron os costumes e a lingua dos novos habitantes da península. Constituían o grupo máis numeroso da sociedade.

A civilización do califato de Córdoba na época de Abderramán III (1885)
A civilización do califato de Córdoba na época de Abderramán III (1885)

2.- Non musulmáns: grupos minoritarios que debían pagar impostos, para conservar a súa relixión, e que tiñan limitados os seus dereitos.

2.1.- Os mozárabes: hispano-visigodos que conservaron a súa relixión a cambio de pagar impostos. Vivían nas cidades. Moitos deberon fuxir aos reinos cristiáns do norte para evitar as persecucións.

Violas de arco nun manuscrito do ano 900 - 950
Pintura mozárabe en un manuscrito del siglo siglo X.

2.2.- Os xudeus: chegaran cos musulmáns á península e vivían da artesanía, comercio, medicina ou ciencia.

           Musulmán e xudeu xogando ao xadrez
Miniatura del Libro del ajedrez, dados y tablas de Alfonso X el Sabio que representa a un judío (izquierda) y a un musulmán (derecha) jugando al ajedrez.

No mundo musulmán, as mulleres non podían exercer cargos públicos, é dicir, tiñan vetado ser xuízas, ocupar cargos políticos, relixiosos, ser predicadoras, nin titoras matrimoniais. As súas tarefas estaban relacionadas coa organización e coidado da casa e dos fillos, se o pai o permitía.

A relixión islámica permite a poligamia, polo que os homes posúen haréns con mulleres lexítimas ou concubinas.

O papel da muller non era igual en todos os grupos sociais:

1.- Existía unha elite, formada por poetisas, mulleres da corte, anacoretas ou escravas concubinas, ao servizo do califa ou dos dignatarios. Coñécense máis dun centenar de mulleres andalusís dedicadas á cultura en xeral.

   Morayma, última raíña de Granada
La obra representa el momento en que Boadbil (1459-1533), el último rey musulmán de Granada, abandonó el palacio de la Alhambra junto con su familia después de que los Reyes Católicos tomaran Granada en 1492.

2.- As mulleres de clase baixa: traballaban, para manter ás familias, tecendo, bordando, vendendo no zoco os seus produtos, etc... Había mulleres traballando no campo, lavandeiras, curandeiras, nodrizas, parteiras...

3.- As cativas de guerra, vendidas como escravas.

4.- Moitas mulleres pobres dedicáronse á prostitución nas mancebías para poder sobrevivir.

O Islam permite aos varóns ter tantas mulleres como poidan manter.

Espazo das casas musulmás, dos homes ricos, onde vivían as súas mulleres, illadas dos homes.

Lugar dedicado á prostitución.

Eremita, ermitá, asceta, relixiosa etc.

Lectura facilitada

A sociedade andalusí foi o resultado da suma de diversas culturas, relixións e grupos sociais.

A poboación organizábase en dous grupos:

1.- MUSULMÁNS: Existían tres grupos sociais polo seu nivel de riqueza:

clase alta (aristócratas, terratenentes, altos funcionarios e grandes mercadores);

clase media (médicos, intelectuais, artistas...) e a clase baixa (campesiños, pequenos artesáns e escravos).

1.1.- Árabes: minoría que dirixira a conquista e que constituía a elite social e política. Os árabes posuían a terra.

1.2.- Bérberes: grupos humildes de pastores que chegaron nos primeiros momentos da conquista da Península.

1.3.- Muladís: hispano-visigodos, convertidos ao Islam, e que adoptaron os costumes e a lingua dos novos habitantes da península.

2.- NON MUSULMÁNS: grupos minoritarios que debían pagar impostos, para conservar a súa relixión, e que tiñan limitados os seus dereitos.

2.1.- Os mozárabes: hispano-visigodos que conservaron a súa relixión a cambio de pagar impostos. Vivían nas cidades.

2.2.- Os xudeus: Chegaran cos musulmáns á península e vivían da artesanía, comercio, medicina ou ciencia.


No mundo musulmán, as mulleres non podían exercer cargos públicos.

As súas tarefas estaban relacionadas coa organización e coidado da casa e dos fillos, se o pai o permitía.

A relixión islámica permite a poligamia, polo que os homes posúen haréns con mulleres lexítimas ou concubinas.

O papel da muller non era igual en todos os grupos sociais:

Había mulleres de clase alta dedicadas á cultura e á relixión;

mulleres de clase baixa que traballaban para coidar da familia e as escravas, que eran prisioneiras de guerra.

Unha cultura relucente!

Os emires e califas de Córdoba fomentaron a cultura e a aprendizaxe de coñecementos nos campos da filosofía, poesía, música, matemáticas, medicina ou astronomía, recuperando o saber do mundo clásico grego.

Na cidade de Córdoba crearon unha importante biblioteca que, segundo algunhas fontes, contaba con máis de 400.000 libros.

A cultura árabe desenvolveuse grazas a dous piares: unha lingua única (o árabe) e a asimilación e integración de diversas culturas. En definitiva, a cultura árabe é o resultado da fusión de culturas como a grecolatina, persa, exipcia, india, etc.

Destacaron os seus estudos en diversos campos:

- Matemáticas: introduciron os números arábigos na Península, procedentes de India.

- Ciencias aplicadas: sistemas hidráulicos e de rega (destacando o agrónomo Ibn Bassal); fabricación de porcelanas, papel e pólvora, do seu contacto coa China; elaboración de perfumes, bálsamos etc.

- Medicina e cirurxía: desenvolveron a “medicina preventiva” para evitar o contaxio de enfermidades. Destacou o médico Abul-l-Qasim e Avenzoar

- Astronomía: no campo da navegación introduciron o astrolabio, o compás e as cartas náuticas.

- Filosofía: Introduciron a filosofía grega de Platón e Aristóteles. Destacaron: Averroes e Maimónides.

Por que non pasades pola biblioteca do voso centro e preguntades, cantos manuais tedes rexistrados? Cantas veces era maior a biblioteca de Córdoba que a vosa? Seguro que vos sorprenderedes co resultado.

Os mosteiros cristiáns do norte contaban con Scriptorium para copiar libros. Estes centros culturais contaban con centos de libros. Hai constancia de que moitos relixiosos e persoas interesadas viaxaban a Córdoba para aprender na súa biblioteca.

Igual non vos soan con ese nome, mais son os que empregamos todos os días na aula. Os causantes de que teñades notas entre 0 e 10. Vaia con eles!

Unha de froitas_Cada ovella coa súa parella

Na imaxe dos produtos agrícolas do mundo musulmán, esquecémonos de traducir os seus nomes, que están en francés. Seriades quen de relacionar os nomes destes alimentos nas dúas linguas (francés e galego) e a súa imaxe?

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Na imaxe dos produtos agrícolas do mundo musulmán, esquecémonos de traducir os seus nomes, que están en francés. Seriades quen de relacionar os nomes destes alimentos nas dúas linguas (francés e galego) e a súa imaxe?

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Observe as letras, identifique e encha as palabras que faltan.

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012345678910111213141516171819202122232425012345678910111213141516171819202122232425
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