3.4. Entender o poder

Os estados

Segundo o dicionario da RAE, un Estado é un país soberano, recoñecido como tal na orde internacional, asentado nun territorio e dotado de órganos propios de goberno.

Un Estado está formado por:

A poboación: un conxunto de cidadáns que contan con dereitos e con obrigas.
O territorio no que vive a poboación e sobre o que o Estado ten autoridade (abrangue as fronteiras do país, o seu espazo aéreo e as augas territoriais).
As leis: normas ás que están sometidos todos os cidadáns.
As institucións: conxunto de órganos e entidades para administrar o estado.
Os símbolos que o identifican: himno, bandeira e escudo.

As principais funcións dun Estado son:

Dirixir as relacións internacionais. Para iso fúndanse embaixadas, consulados....
Garantir a seguridade nacional mantendo a orde pública no interior e defendendo as fronteiras exteriores.
Establecer o marco legal no que se desenvolve a actividade económica e definir as grandes liñas da política económica.
Proporcionar servizos básicos á cidadanía: educación, sanidade, seguridade...

Para levar a cabo estes cometidos o Estado necesita recursos económicos, que se obteñen fundamentalmente a través dos impostos.

Lectura facilitada

Segundo a RAE un Estado é un país soberano.

Soberano quere dicir que o país é independente.

O Estado está nun territorio e ten un goberno que o dirixe.

Partes dun Estado
O Estado está formado por:

A poboación:

Son todos os cidadáns.

Os cidadáns teñen dereitos e obrigas.

O territorio:

É o lugar onde vive a poboación.

O Estado ten autoridade sobre o seu territorio.

O territorio inclúe o espazo que hai dentro as fronteiras,

Tamén comprende o ceo e o mar que está preto.

As leis:

As leis son as normas do Estado.

Todos os cidadáns deben cumprir as leis.

As institucións:

Son os organismos que toman as decisións.

Os símbolos:

Serven para identificar o Estado.

Símbolos son, por exemplo, o himno, a bandeira e o escudo.

Funcións dun Estado
O Estado fai traballos importantes:

Dirixe as relacións con outros países.

Por iso existen as embaixadas.

Garante a seguridade.
Mantén a orde dentro do país e tamén defende as fronteiras.
Fai o marco legal.

O marco legal son as normas para a economía.

Dá servizos básicos á xente.

Os servizos máis importantes son:

educación, sanidade e seguridade.

O Estado necesita diñeiro para facer estes traballos.

O diñeiro chámase recursos económicos.

O Estado obtén este diñeiro polos impostos.

Audio

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Arrastra cada tarxeta ata o seu contedor.

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Tipos de estados

En función do criterio que se utilice pódense distinguir os seguintes tipos de estados:

En función do seu sistema político:

Monarquías:

O xefe ou xefa de Estado é un rei ou unha raíña. O cargo é hereditario e vitalicio. Exemplo: España.

Repúblicas:

O xefe ou xefa de Estado é un presidente ou unha presidenta, a quen se elixe en eleccións presidenciais por un tempo determinado. Exemplo: Italia.

Segundo a súa forma de goberno:

Estados democráticos:

Caracterízanse polos seguintes aspectos:

— División de poderes para que unha persoa, ou un pequeno grupo, non poida controlar todo un Estado. Os tres poderes do estado, independentes entre si, son:

Lexislativo (elabora as leis): reside no parlamento.
Executivo (executa as leis): reside no Goberno.
Xudicial (aplica as leis): corresponde aos xuíces e maxistrados.

— Participación cidadá: os cidadáns participan no goberno a través das eleccións libres, nas que escollen os seus representantes. As eleccións para poder ser consideradas válidas deberán observar os seguintes requisitos:

Basearse no sufraxio universal (poden votar todas as persoas maiores de idade, sen distinción).
Permitir que persoas e partidos se presenten libremente.
Garantir que os programas electorais sexan públicos.
Celebrar eleccións periodicamente.
Ter resultados electorais limpos e contrastables.

— Dereitos e liberdades: están recoñecidas, entre outras, as liberdades de expresión, reunión e asociación. Os dereitos civís e políticos están recoñecidos na Constitución, lei básica que deben respectar todas as demais.

— Igualdade ante a lei: todas as persoas, sen excepción, teñen a obriga de cumprir as leis, que son iguais para todos.

Ditaduras:

As ditaduras defínense polas seguintes características:

— Todos os poderes propios dun Estado están nas mans dunha persoa ou dun pequeno grupo.

— A cidadanía non participa no goberno.

— Non se recoñece un catálogo de dereitos e liberdades.

— O goberno emprega a represión para perseguir e controlar a oposición.

Segundo a súa distribución territorial do poder:

Estados centralizados:

Nos estados centralizados maior parte das decisións tómaas o goberno central, as autoridades locais teñen pouca capacidade de decisión e as leis son moi homoxéneas en todo o territorio. Exemplo: Francia.

Estados descentralizados:

Nos estados descentralizados o poder está repartido entre goberno central e gobernos locais ou rexionais. Cada territorio pode gozar de autonomía para decidir sobre diversos temas e aprobar leis propias. Exemplo: España.

Dependendo da organización relixiosa:

Estado laico:

Nun estado laico non existe vinculación entre o Estado e as diferentes relixións. Exemplo: Francia.

Estado aconfesional:

Nun estado aconfesional non hai unha relixión oficial do estado, que recoñece liberdade de culto e pode manter acordos coas diferentes relixións. Exemplo: España.

Estado confesional:

Nun estado confesional hai unha relixión oficial, pero permítese practicar libremente outras. Exemplo: Gran Bretaña (anglicanismo).

Estado teocrático:

Nun estado teocrático o poder político está en mans de líderes relixiosos e as leis están baseadas nos libros sagrados. Exemplo: Irán.

Lectura facilitada

Podemos clasificar os Estados de diferentes maneiras:

1. Segundo quen é o xefe de Estado

Monarquías:

O xefe de Estado é un rei ou unha raíña.

O seu cargo pasa de pais a fillos (é hereditario).

É para toda a vida (vitalicio).

Exemplo: España.

Repúblicas:

O xefe de Estado é un presidente ou unha presidenta.

Escóllense nas eleccións.

O seu cargo dura un tempo determinado.

Exemplo: Italia.

2. Segundo a forma de goberno
Estados Democráticos
Os Estados democráticos teñen estas características:

División de poderes.

O poder non está en mans dunha soa persoa.

-Poder Lexislativo:

Fai as leis.

Está no Parlamento.

-Poder Executivo:

Executa as leis.

Está no Goberno.

-Poder Xudicial:

Aplica as leis.

Está nos xuíces.

Participación cidadá.

A xente participa no goberno.

Participa votando nas eleccións.

As eleccións deben cumprir unhas normas:

-Nas eleccións votan todas as persoas adultas.

Chámase a isto sufraxio universal.

-Os resultados non poden estar adulterados.

-Todas as persoas e partidos pódense presentar libremente.

-Os programas deben ser públicos.

-Deben facerse cada certo tempo.

Dereitos e liberdades.

A xente ten liberdade de expresión e de reunión.

Igualdade ante a lei.

A lei é igual para todas as persoas.

Todas as persoas deben cumprila.

Ditaduras
As ditaduras teñen estas características:

Todos os poderes, o Lexislativo, o Executivo e o Xudicial,

tenos unha soa persoa ou un grupo pequeno de persoas.

A xente non participa no goberno.
Non se respectan os dereitos e as liberdades.
O goberno usa a represión para controlar á xente.

3. Segundo como se reparte o poder
Estados centralizados:

Case todas as decisións tómanse dende a capital.

Exemplo: Francia.

Estados descentralizados:

O poder está repartido.

Hai un goberno central e gobernos locais ou rexionais.

Cada rexión pode ter autonomía.

Autonomía significa poder tomar decisións.

Exemplo: España.

4. Segundo a relixión
Estado laico:

Non hai ningunha relación entre o Estado e as relixións.

Exemplo: Francia.

Estado aconfesional:

Non hai relixión oficial.

O Estado permite a liberdade de culto.

A liberdade de culto permite practicar calquera relixión.

Exemplo: España.

Estado confesional:

Hai unha relixión oficial

pero permítese practicar outras relixións.

Exemplo: Gran Bretaña.

Estado teocrático:

Os líderes relixiosos teñen o poder político.

As leis baséanse en libros sagrados.

Exemplo: Irán.

Audio

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Como funciona un Estado democrático

Completa o texto arrastrando as palabras ata o oco correspondente.

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Un Estado @@democrático@@ caracterízase pola @@división@@ de poderes. O poder @@Lexislativo@@, que elabora as leis, reside no @@parlamento@@. O Executivo, que as @@executa@@, reside no @@Goberno@@. A @@aplicación@@ das leis, correspondente ao poder @@Xudicial@@, recae nos xuíces e maxistrados. Outro aspecto fundamental é a participación cidadá, que se exerce a través de @@eleccións@@ libres. Para que estas eleccións sexan válidas, deben basearse no @@sufraxio@@ universal e celebrarse periodicamente. Finalmente, nunha democracia recoñécense @@dereitos@@ e liberdades e existe a @@igualdade@@ ante a lei para todas as persoas.

O navegador non é compatible con esta ferramenta.

Unindo ideas: os tipos de Estado

Relaciona cada tarxeta coa súa parella.

{"typeGame":"Relaciona","author":"","randomCards":true,"instructions":"

Relaciona cada tarxeta coa súa parella.

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