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Renewable energy sources II

Solar power plants

Electricity generation in solar power plants

Solar radiation can be transformed directly into electrical energy, without the need for a generator, using photovoltaic panels in photovoltaic power plants.

It is also possible to generate electricity through a generator coupled to a steam-powered turbine, which is produced by heating water with the sun's energy. These other types of power plants are called solar thermal power plants.

Using solar energy in our homes

Solar energy is a very good option to reduce the electricity bill in our home. Photovoltaic panels are installed on the roof and provide us with free electric energy during the hours of sunlight. If you want to use it for longer, you can install accumulators that allow you to store the energy to use it at night. Another option is to sell the excess energy to the electricity grid or use it to recharge an electric vehicle. 

On the other hand, solar thermal panels can be used for heating, and to heat sanitary water or swimming pools.

                       

Energía solar fotovoltaica, FP Eficiencia energética y energía solar térmica,  Youtube, CC-BY                                        Cómo funciona un colector de energía solar térmica, FP Eficiencia energética y energía solar térmica, youtube, CC-BY



Tidal power stations. Trip to La Rance (France)

Before starting the trip, let's find out what we're going to see.

 Tidal energy, DER UNFASSBARE, Wikimedia Commons,  CC0

In tidal power plants, the flows generated by the sea current are used to move turbine systems, which, connected to electrical generators, transform the energy from the tides and sea currents into electrical energy.
This form of energy production does not generate greenhouse gases and achieves permanently high yields.

Destination: La Rance power station (France)

The durability of tidal power stations is high, as has been demonstrated by the oldest facilities, such as the largest in the world and the first to be built: the La Rance power station in France, opened in 1966. This plant alone can supply 45% of the electricity consumption of the whole of Brittany, or about 130,000 homes. Let's look a little closer.

Location of La Rance power plant , Eric Gaba, Wikipedia , CC-BY-SA-4.0

What do we see from a bird's eye view?

The power plant is located at the mouth of the Rance River. The disadvantage of this type of power plant is that it can alter the quality of the water and the normal state of the sea and its habitats in certain areas, affecting the tides that tend to direct marine fauna, as well as the landscape effect.

Views of the Rance power station from above , Wikipedia , public domain

If we zoom in a little, we can see that cars can drive through the power station barrier to cross the estuary. 

Front view of the central,  Stephanemartin, Wikipédia  CC-BY-3.0

Let's go around it to see the gates through which the water passes to the turbines.

Side view of the power plant , Dani 7C3, Wikipedia , CC-BY-2.5

What if we take a walk over the barrier and look over the railing?

Video , Mrbeachguide, Wikipedia , CC-BY-SA-4.0

Geothermal power stations. Word search

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Geothermal central diagram, Goran tek-en, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

A geothermal power plant works like a thermal power plant, but using the heat from the Earth's interior to heat the steam that moves the turbines. The turbines are connected to the generator that will produce the electricity. 

It is a clean and efficient energy, but it can only be used in geologically suitable places. The outer layer of the Earth, the crust, is made up of plates that are like pieces of a puzzle. These solid plates are supported by a fluid lower layer, the mantle. The temperature differences between the inner and the superior layers of the Earth create convection currents that cause the lithospheric plates to move and collide with each other where they are in contact. At some of these these edges there are fissures through which the high-temperature material of the mantle can rise, and it is easy to find hot spots where geothermal power plants can work.

The map on the left shows the production capacity of geothermal power plants installed in different countries around the world. The map on the right shows the edges of the crust's plates. Note how the countries with the greatest capacity to produce energy from geothermal energy are located on one of these edges.

Guess which countries these are with the clues given to you and look for them in the word search:

Geothermal capacity, IRENA (2024), processed by Our World in Data. Our world in data, CC-BY-4.0. 
Lithospheric plates, Almudena Fernández, Flickr , CC-BY-SA-2.0

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Biomass and MSW (Municipal solid waste) as a source of energy

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rubbish can be disposed of by burning it and using the energy generated. Separating it for recycling greatly reduces the amount of rubbish that has to be burned, especially if we separate organic waste for compost. This allows us to avoid waste (for example by reusing separable and recyclable raw materials) and considerably minimises CO2 emissions from its combustion. 

Biomass

Biomass is organic matter of natural origin that can be used to produce:

  • Electric energy , by combustion in thermal power plants of plant remains or biogas (methane, CH 4 ) produced in the fermentation of animal and plant waste.
  • Biofuels – bioethanol or biodiesel, which are used in automotive

In the United States, where most ethanol is derived from corn , most fuels typically contain 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol. In Brazil, the second largest producer of ethanol after the United States, fuel contains up to 27% ethanol, with sugar cane being the  main energy source.

One of the main challenges in sustainable biofuel production is that expanding agriculture for biofuel production often competes with land needed for food production. This leads to deforestation, soil degradation , loss of natural habitats, exacerbating greenhouse gas emissions and threatening food security for many people. Rainforests have taken millions of years to form. If they are cut down, they cannot be reclaimed, because the land is no longer fertile.

So scientists and startups are looking at other materials that could serve as fuel without the concerns about food supply and environmental impact, such as corn stover, wood waste or other otherwise unused plant materials, grasses, algae, animal waste, cooking grease and sewage sludge. But research is still underway to find the most efficient and cost-effective ways to transform them into usable fuel.

The main advantage of using biomass as a well-managed energy source would be the maintenance of clean forests by eliminating their waste, avoiding fires. 

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