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2. Thermal energy, heat and temperature

Temperature and thermal energy

Matter is made up of particles that are in continuous motion.  Thermal energy is the form of energy due to the agitation of the particles that make up matter at the molecular level.

As the particles move faster and collide with each other, the temperature of the object increases, which in turn increases its thermal energy.

Temperature is a scalar quantity that indicates the amount of kinetic energy of the particles of a body. The greater the speed of the particles, the higher the temperature and vice versa. In the following video you can see how water particles would move at 10 ºC and at 80 ºC. Observe the difference in speed and in the space occupied by the same amount of particles at each temperature.

 Video based in PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, PHET, CC-BY-04

Music: Mourning Dove, Zachariah Hickman, Youtube studio

At constant pressure, as the temperature increases, the speed at which the particles move and the space they occupy increases. Therefore, the volume occupied by the substance will increase and its density will decrease . 

The increase in volume of a body as its temperature increases is called expansion, and is the basis for the operation of traditional thermometers.

Temperature scales

A thermometer is used to measure temperature. A simple thermometer is a glass tube with a scale drawn on the outside and a non-transparent liquid inside. As the temperature increases, the liquid increases its volume and this can be measured with the scale. By placing the thermometer in freezing and boiling water, a temperature scale and a unit of measurement can be defined that can be reproduced anywhere. It is enough to assign a temperature value to each point on the scale that corresponds to the volume occupied by the liquid at each temperature. 

Temperature scales . Ria tri yuliati, Wikimedia Commons , CC-BY-3.0

On the Celsius scale, the value of 0 ºC was assigned to the freezing point of water and 100 ºC to the boiling point. Dividing that distance on the scale into 100 equal parts defines 1 ºC.

On the Fahrenheit scale , traditionally used in English-speaking countries, these points were assigned values ​​of 32 ºF and 212 ºF respectively.

100 units on the Celsius scale are equivalent to 180 (212 -32) on the Fahrenheit scale. But since the value of 0 on one scale is 32 on the other, the equivalence between 1 ºC and 1º F is expressed as follows: 

  Simplifying: 

Later, the Kelvin scale was developed, based on the concept of absolute zero, that is the lowest theoretically possible temperature, where the particles of a system have the minimum kinetic energy. In this scale, absolute zero is set as 0 Kelvin (0 K), and is equivalent to -273.15 °C. One unit on the Kelvin scale is equivalent to one unit on the centigrade scale. Thus:

T (ºC) = T (K) - 273

Note that Kelvins are not called "degrees" nor do they have the "º" before the K.

Audio:

Heat

Heat Transfer, CANVA, CANVA License

The particles of two bodies at different temperatures move at different speeds (higher in the one at the higher temperature). If we put the bodies in contact, the particles with greater kinetic energy will transfer part of their energy to those with lesser energy through collisions between them, until they all acquire the same speed, that is, the same temperature. When this happens, it is said that they have reached thermal equilibrium .

Heat is the energy that is transferred from a body at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature. It is energy in transit. A body does not have heat, but rather exchanges it.

We call ΔT the difference between the final temperature of a body after having exchanged heat with the environment (Tf) and its initial temperature (Ti): ΔT = Tf - Ti.

The greater ΔT in a process and the greater the mass of a body, the greater the heat that the body can give off or absorb. Heat is directly proportional to these variables. It also depends on the type of material, which is taken into account in another factor called specific heat (ce):

                                                                Q = m · ce · ΔT

Heat is measured in Joules (J) in the SI, and the calorie (cal) is also often used: 1 J = 4.18 cal 

Specific heat is measured in J/kg·K or cal/gªC

Formula sheet

Reserve a page in your notebook to write down each formula that appears in the unit. When you finish the unit, you will have them all together and they will be easier to memorize. You can also write down the conversion factors between new units as they appear.

Start by writing down the equation for changing unit temperatures, the equation for calculating heat, and the equivalence between joule and calorie.

Multiple choice questions

Question

1. We heat two glasses of water for the same amount of time, one with 100 g of water and the other with 200 g. Which one will change its temperature more?

Hint

Note that the temperature variation could be calculated by clearing the heat equation: 

ΔT = Q / (m · ce)

Answers

the glass with 100 g of water

the glass with 200 g of water

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Question

2. Olive oil has a specific heat of 0.47 cal/gºC and water of1 cal/gºC. If we heat 100 g of each ubstance for the same time, and starting from the same initial temperature, which one will reach a higher temperature?

Hint

ΔT = Q / (m · ce)

Answers

the water

the oil

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Question

3. We want to heat two glasses with the same amount of water. One until it reaches 20ºC and the other until the water boils (100ºC). Which one should be heated for a longer time?

Hint

Q = m · ce · ΔT 

Answers

the one that heats up to 20 ºC

the one that heats up to 100 ºC

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Question

4. Calculate the heat required to heat a 100 g piece of iron from 20ºC to 50ºC. ce iron = 0.113 cal/g·ºC

Hint

ΔT = Tf - Ti = 50 - 20 = 30 ºC

Answers

339 cal

339 J

113 cal

113 J

565 cal

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Question

5. What are the melting and boiling points of water in ºC?

Answers

32 and 212

0 and 273

0 and 100

273 and 373

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Question

6. What are the melting and boiling points of water in K?

Answers

32 and 212

0 and 273

0 and 100

273 and 373

Feedback

Question

7. Express 20 ºC in K

Hint

T (K) = T (ºC) + 273

Answers

20 K

52 K

293 K

253 K

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Question

8. Express 298 K in ºC:

Hint

T (ºC) = T(K) - 273

Answers

15 ºC

25 ºC

571 K

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State changes. Order the sequence

Watch the video and place in order the elements of the list that describe what happens in the sequence:

 Video based in PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, PHET, CC-BY-04

Music: Mourning Dove, Zachariah Hickman, Youtube studio

  • We have a container with water at -127 ºC. The water molecules, despite the low temperature, move, but very little. They only vibrate around their equilibrium positions, as it corresponds to a solid. Heating the container increases the temperature of the water.
  • Water remains in a solid state until its temperature reaches 0ºC. The molecules continue to stay in an ordered network, forming a structure with its own shape and volume.
  • When water reaches 0ºC, it becomes liquid. The molecules move faster and faster, the crystalline network breaks and the ice cube loses its shape. Now the water adapts to the shape of the vessel that contains it.
  • If we continue heating, the molecules move faster and faster, beginning to overcome the forces that held them together. Water becomes gaseous at 100 ºC.
  • If we heat above 100 ºC, thermal agitation (the speed of the particles) increases due to the temperature increase. The gas does not have its own volume, but the volume of the vessel that contains it.

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During changes of state, temperature remains constant. In progressive changes (those that occur when heat is applied to the substance, ie, from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas) the energy is used to overcome the forces that held the particles together and separate them, not to increase their velocity. In the regressive ones (those where heat is substracted from the substance, from gas to liquid and from liquid to solid) exactly the same energy is released, but with the opposite sign (negative).

The heat required for a substance to change phase is called Latent heat and is expressed in J/kg. 

Heat transfer: We make cookies

Heat is, by definition, energy in transit. An object does not have heat, but rather exchanges it. And it can do so by three different mechanisms:

CONDUCTION

Driving,  CANVA , CANVA License

Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects in contact and at different temperatures. Molecules vibrating at different speeds transmit their kinetic energy to neighboring molecules. This mechanism occurs primarily in solids.

In the oven, it is the mechanism by which the edges of the tray, in contact with the warmer walls, transmit heat to the rest of the tray and to the base of the cookies. If we were to touch the tray, it would also transmit heat to us by conduction. That is why we use gloves made of an insulating material to hold it.

CONVECTION

Convection, CANVA , CANVA License

Convection is the transfer of heat due to a temperature difference in a fluid (gas or liquid). The molecules in the parts of the fluid that are at a lower temperature vibrate less, occupy less volume and have a higher density. In areas of higher temperature, the opposite occurs. This causes the colder masses of the fluid to move downwards and the warmer ones upwards, giving rise to currents. 

Convection ovens have a fan that causes air to move inside the oven. Heat is distributed evenly throughout the oven using this method. If you are baking a cake with a fluid dough, its interior will also be heated by convection.

 

RADIATION

Radiation, CANVA , CANVA License

All objects at a temperature greater than absolute zero emit energy by radiation, in the form of electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light. The greater the temperature difference between the bodies, the greater the radiation emitted.

In the oven, this radiation is infrared, and occurs between every thing inside the oven, such as walls or trays and everything around them.

WE MAKE COOKIES

In the following links you the best cookie recipe ever and a video about the chemistry of cookies. 

Recipe: Chocolate chip cookies (Classic chocolate chip cookies)

The chemistry of cookies

Clasify

Drag each card to its container, depending on the heat transmission mechanism that occurs in each case: conduction, convection or radiation.

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