A. Contidos

Un pouco de teoría: variables, control experimental e traballo cos datos

Para explicar un pouco de teoría que será necesaria para o traballo no proxecto de investigación, imos usar un experimento de exemplo.

Imaxe IA creada por Luis Fernández López, empregando ChatGPT -4, versión 2.. *Ruido en clase* (CC BY-SA)

Un equipo de investigación quere saber se escoitar música a alto volume afecta ao cálculo matemático. Para investigar isto colle un grupo de 10 estudantes de ESO e ponlle multiplicacións para facer á man con música moi alta na clase e anota os erros. Logo, colle un grupo similar de outras 10 persoas e indícalles que fagan as mesmas multiplicacións en silencio.

Variables

Vemos, no exemplo anterior, que hai dous aspectos (variables) que imos estudar como se relacionan entre si: que teñamos ruído e silencio e o número de erros nas multiplicacións.

A nosa variable controlada é a que nos decidimos, entón é que haxa ruído ou non. Tamén se lle chama variable independente.

A variable de investigación é a que vai a variar en función da variable controlada, é que estamos estudando, neste caso o número de erros nos cálculos do alumnado que estamos estudando. Entón queremos estudar como a variable controlada inflúe na variable de investigación. Tamén se lle chama variable dependente (depende da que nós controlamos). .

Control experimental

O experimento necesita dun control para que os resultados sexan fiables. Todo o que fas para conseguilo chámase control experimental. Cun exemplo entenderalo mellor.

No caso anterior, estamos interesados en saber como inflúe que haxa música a volume elevado nas multiplicacións dun grupo de alumnado. Agora imaxina que un dos grupos fai as operacións despois de comer e outro a primeira hora da mañá, ou que un grupo o fai nun aula con moito calor e outro nun aula fría. Cando teñamos os resultados non saberemos se as diferenzas son pola música, pola hora do día ou pola temperatura. Polo tanto, se o que queremos saber é o efecto da música, todo o demais debe ser igual en ambos grupos para evitar que outros factores teñan influencia nos resultados. O único que debe cambiar debe ser a variable controlada, o resto son variables estrañas non desexables que debemos controlar.

Que facer cos números

Temos 10 datos do grupo con ruído e 10 datos co grupo sen ruído. Para poder comparar o efecto do ruído nas multiplicacións é interesante ter un dato de todo o alumnado que fixo as operacións en silencio e comparalo co mesmo dato con ruído. Para iso precisamos facer a media aritmética de ambos grupos, ao igual que cando fas a media de varios exames.

A media é o resultado de sumar todos os valores e dividilos polo número de elementos. Por exemplo, se cinco alumnos sacan as notas 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10, a media sería (6+7+8+9+10)/5 = 8. A media dinos o valor "promedio".

Representación dos resultados

Para representar os resultados e organizalos utilizaremos tabóas e distintas representacións que xa tes utilizado en Matemáticas, como son os diagramas de sectores, os diagramas de barras ou as curvas. Contas co profesorado de Matemáticas, o profesorado que coordina a investigación, e tamén de tutoriais na "Biblioteca de investigación"; para ter axuda.

Adiviña

Observa as letras, identifica e enche as palabras que faltan.

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