3.1. Producir, transformar e avanzar

Glosario

Capital

Definición: Conxunto de recursos non naturais empregados na produción de bens e servizos: formación dos traballadores (capital humano), instalacións, maquinaria e materias primas (capital físico), e diñeiro (capital financeiro).
Exemplo: Unha instalación industrial considérase capital físico.

Capitalismo

Definición: Sistema económico no que a propiedade dos medios de produción é maioritariamente privada e que ten como obxectivo fundamental a obtención de beneficios por parte das empresas.
Exemplo: O beneficio económico é o máximo interese do sistema capitalista.

Custos de produción

Definición: Son todos os gastos necesarios para producir un ben ou un servizo.
Exemplo: A terra que traballan os agricultores é un dos compoñentes dos custos de produción.

Imposto

Definición: Pagamentos que persoas e empresas deben facer ao Estado e mediante os que este financia os servizos públicos.
Exemplo: Se non pagamos impostos, non haberá servizos públicos.

Mercado laboral

Definición: Conxunto da oferta (traballadores) e demanda (empresas) de traballo.
Exemplo: Os traballadores forman parte do mercado laboral xa que achegan o traballo necesario para producir bens e servizos.

Monopolio

Definición: Situación na que unha soa empresa controla o mercado dun ben ou servizo.
Exemplo: Se unha empresa ten o monopolio dun produto os prexudicados son os consumidores, porque os prezos, ao non haber competencia, serán elevados.

Obsolescencia programada

Definición: Estratexia empresarial que consiste en deseñar produtos cunha vida útil limitada.
Exemplo: A obsolescencia programada supón que as cousas se deseñen para que duren pouco e así nos vexamos na obriga de adquirir outras novas.

Oligopolio

Definición: Situación na que un pequeno grupo de empresas controlan o mercado dun ben ou servizo.
Exemplo: Se existe un oligopolio as empresas poden poñerse facilmente de acordo para subir prezos e así gañar máis.

Poboación activa

Definición: Conxunto de persoas que están traballando ou buscando emprego.
Exemplo: Un profesor dando clase forma parte da poboación activa.

Poboación inactiva

Definición: Conxunto de persoas de máis de 16 anos que non traballan nin procuran traballo.
Exemplo: Estudantes e as persoas que realizan os traballos nas súas casas forman parte da poboación inactiva.

Socialismo

Definición: Sistema económico no que o é estado quen decide que, como e para quen producir, en lugar de deixarllo decidir ao mercado.
Exemplo: Corea do Norte segue a ser un país socialista.

Sostibilidade económica

Definición: Capacidade dunha economía para manterse, medrar e funcionar a longo prazo sen esgotar os recursos.
Exemplo: A sostibilidade económica fai que empreguemos os recursos naturais sen esgotalos para que as futuras xeracións tamén poidan aproveitalos.

O necesario para a actividade económica: os factores produtivos

Os factores produtivos son os elementos básicos que se combinan para producir bens e servizos. Agrúpanse en:

Os factores produtivos
Factores	Definición
Terra	Recursos naturais. Inclúe todos os recursos que se obteñen da natureza e que son necesarios para desenvolver un proceso produtivo. Comprende a terra cultivable, as materias primas e as fontes de enerxía.
Traballo	Abrangue todo o tempo e esforzo, físico e intelectual, que as persoas dedican á produción de bens e servizos.
Capital	Refírese a todos os bens xa producidos que se empregan para producir outros bens e servizos: maquinaria, ferramentas ou instalacións.
Iniciativa empresarial	Engloba os coñecementos, as habilidades e as técnicas que aplican as persoas emprendedoras para poñer en marcha e coordinar os seus proxectos, asumindo riscos.

A suma do valor destes factores produtivos conforman os custos de produción.

Lectura facilitada

Para producir bens e servizos son necesarios os factores produtivos.

Os factores produtivos son catro.

Terra
A terra refírese aos recursos que veñen da natureza.
Inclúe:
- A terra para cultivar.
- As materias primas, como a madeira ou os minerais.
- As fontes de enerxía, como a auga, o sol ou o vento.

Traballo
O traballo é o esforzo das persoas necesario para producir bens e servizos.
Inclúe:
- O esforzo físico, como usar as mans.
- O esforzo intelectual, como pensar ou planificar.

Capital
O capital son bens que xa existen.
O capital serve para producir outros bens e servizos.
Por exemplo:
- Máquinas
- Ferramentas
- Edificios e instalacións

Iniciativa empresarial
A iniciativa empresarial é o quen fan as persoas emprendedoras.
Inclúe:
- Coñecementos.
- Habilidades.
- Técnicas de organización.

As persoas emprendedoras poñen en marcha proxectos,
coordinan o traballo e asumen riscos.

Usar os factores produtivos ten un custo.

A suma do valor dos catro factores de produción denomínanse custos de produción.

Audio

De estudantes a produtores

Como ben sabes, o iogur é un produto que se obtén a partir do leite e tras pasar por diferentes fases de transformación nunha industria. Nese proceso interveñen todos os factores de produción que acabas de estudar. Serías capaz de identificalos no seguinte texto?

Obtención do leite. Nas granxas, as vacas son coidadas e alimentadas polos gandeiros. Alí móxense para recoller o leite que se garda en tanques refrixerados para evitar que se estrague.
Transporte e control de calidade. Desde os tanques de frío, o leite é transportado en camións cisterna ata a factoría na que se elaborarán os iogures. Unha vez alí, os técnicos someterano a un control de calidade para valorar a súa validez de cara ao consumo.
Preparación. O leite quéntase e engádenselle os fermentos necesarios para poder transformalo en iogur. A mestura resultante déixase en repouso ata que acada a textura adecuada.
Envasado e distribución. O iogur xa completamente elaborado envásase. Posteriormente, e a unha temperatura controlada, trasládase ata os diferentes puntos de venda.

Todo o proceso descrito está dirixido polo empresario. El é o responsable da toma de decisións sobre a calidade, os custos e a venda do produto, e ademais organiza os recursos dispoñibles para completar o proceso de produción.

Cada quen no seu papel

Os axentes económicos (familias, empresas e estado) están interrelacionados:

As familias ofrecen o seu traballo a cambio dun salario, co que compran bens e servizos ás empresas e pagan impostos ao estado, do que reciben servizos públicos.
As empresas compran a outras empresas materias primas, maquinaria e outros bens necesarios para producir, e venden os seus produtos a todos os axentes económicos. Pagan salarios ás familias e impostos sobre os seus beneficios ao Estado, do que poden recibir axudas.
O estado cobra impostos ás familias e ás empresas, cos que ofrece servizos públicos e seguridade social (subsidio de desemprego, baixas laborais retribuídas, pensións) aos individuos e paga salarios aos individuos (familias) que traballan para el. Pode subvencionar empresas, e lexisla e regula a actividade económica.

O seguinte gráfico reflicte as interconexións entre os diferentes axentes económicos.

Esquema que reflicte sinteticamente o fluxo circular da renda

Lectura facilitada

Os axentes económicos son as familias, as empresas e o Estado.

Os tres están interrelacionados

As familias:
Ofrecen o seu traballo a cambio dun salario.
Co salario compran bens e servizos ás empresas
e tamén pagan impostos ao estado.
Do estado reciben servizos públicos.

As empresas:
Compran diferentes bens a outras empresas.
Os bens son necesarios para producir.
As empresas venden os seus produtos a todos os axentes económicos,
pagan salarios ás familias.
e tamén pagan impostos ao Estado.
Do estado poden recibir axudas.

O estado:
Cobra impostos ás familias e ás empresas,
Con eses impostos o estado ofrece servizos públicos
e tamén ofrece seguridade social.
Por exemplo:
subsidio de desemprego, baixas laborais retribuídas, pensións...
Paga salarios aos individuos (familias) que traballan para el.
O estado pode subvencionar empresas,
e tamén lexisla e regula a actividade económica.

Audio

Cada unha onde lle corresponda

Arrastra cada palabra ata a súa posición correcta

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Clasificación das empresas

As empresas pódense clasificar en base a diferentes criterios:

Segundo tamaño

TIPO DE EMPRESA	DEFINICIÓN
Microempresas	Menos de 10 empregados
Empresas pequenas	De 10 a 49 empregados
Empresas medias	De 50 a 249 empregados
Empresas grandes	250 empregados e máis

Lectura facilitada

As empresas pódense clasificar segundo diferentes criterios:

Segundo tamaño diferenciamos:
- Microempresas: teñen menos de 10 empregados.
- Empresas pequenas: teñen de 10 a 49 empregados.
- Empresas medias: teñen de 50 a 249 empregados.
- Empresas grandes: teñen 250 e máis empregados.

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Segundo constitución legal

TIPO DE EMPRESA		DEFINICIÓN
De responsabilidade limitada.	Sociedades ou compañías Sociedade Anónima (SA) Sociedade Limitada (SL)	Nas sociedades ou compañías o capital está dividido en accións posuídas por socios. Nas SA calquera pode ter accións, sen coñecer os demais socios. Nas SL a lista de socios é pechada, e os existentes deciden se admiten novos socios.	Nas empresas de responsabilidade limitada os socios só arriscan o capital achegado á empresa. Se esta ten perdas, non deben responder delas co seu patrimonio persoal.

	Cooperativas	Os donos son os traballadores asociados.
De responsabilidade ilimitada.	Empresarios autónomos	O empresario arrisca o seu patrimonio persoal. Responde con el das débedas da empresa.

Lectura facilitada

Segundo constitución legal:

Empresas de responsabilidade limitada:

Dentro das empresas de responsabilidade limitada diferenciamos:

Sociedade Anónima (SA).

Calquera pode ter accións.

Sociedade Limitada (SL).

Nas SL a lista de socios é pechada.

As accións son as participacións.

Cooperativa:

Os donos son os socios.

Os socios só arriscan o capital achegado.

Non responden co seu patrimonio persoal.

Empresas de responsabilidade ilimitada:

Empresarios autónomos:

Estes autónomos responden das débedas

Co seu patrimonio persoal.

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Segundo orixe do capital

TIPO DE EMPRESA			DEFINICIÓN
Empresas públicas			Dirección e capital pertencen ao Estado.
Empresas privadas			Dirección e capital pertencen a particulares.
Empresas mixtas			Participan capitais públicos e privados.

Lectura facilitada

Segundo orixe do capital distinguimos:

Empresas públicas:

A dirección e capital pertencen ao Estado.

Empresas privadas:

Dirección e capital pertencen a particulares.

Empresas mixtas:

Participan capitais públicos e privados.

Audio

Apoio visual

Táboa resumo compacta coa clasificación das empresas

Coñeces e distingues empresas?

En cada carta figuran trazos que poden ter as empresas. Preme sobre as cartas e indica se o tipo de empresa que aparece corresponde ou non a esa característica.

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En cada carta figuran trazos que poden ter as empresas. Preme sobre as cartas e indica se o tipo de empresa que aparece corresponde ou non a esa característica.

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O mercado laboral

O mercado laboral está formado polos que ofrecen o seu traballo (a poboación activa) e os que o demandan (as empresas). Con isto non debedes confundir: as empresas ofertan postos de traballo, non o traballo en si. Se a demanda de traballo é moi alta (as empresas necesitan moitos traballadores) o prezo do traballo (salario) tende a subir. Se a oferta (traballadores que buscan emprego) é superior á demanda existe paro, e os salarios tenden a baixar.

O estado regula a relación entre traballadores e empresas mediante a lexislación laboral: establece a existencia (ou non) de salario mínimo e a súa contía, a idade mínima de traballo, a idade de xubilación, a duración da xornada laboral, o dereito de folga e sindicación etc. É unha lexislación moi importante porque determina os dereitos dos traballadores. En moitos apenas existen.

Unha asociación que representa e defende aos traballadores é un sindicato, e a que representa aos empresarios é unha patronal. Para regular as condicións laborais nun sector concreto ou en grandes empresas, sindicatos e patronal acordan convenios colectivos.

Por último, cada traballador asina coa empresa un contrato de traballo que concreta as súas condicións específicas (horario, salario, promoción...).

Pictograma dunhas mans que simbolizan un acordo.

A produtividade é un concepto moi importante en economía. É a relación entre a produción e o traballo. Aumenta cando para obter un volume dado de produción necesítanse menos unidades de traballo (medidas en número de traballadores ou en horas de traballo), e iso conséguese con melloras técnicas.

Ilustración que equipara o traballo non mecanizado de moitos agricultores co mecanizado dun único agricultor, para ilustrar a produtividade

Lectura facilitada

O mercado laboral fala do traballo e do emprego.

No mercado laboral participan dúas partes:

As persoas que buscan traballo. Chámanse poboación activa.
As empresas que necesitan traballadores.

As empresas non ofrecen traballo.
As empresas ofrecen postos de traballo.

Cando as empresas necesitan moitos traballadores:
hai moita demanda de traballo,
entón o salario adoita subir.

Pola contra, cando hai moitas persoas buscando emprego e poucas empresas contratando:
aumenta o paro (desemprego)
e os salarios adoitan baixar.

O papel do Estado

O Estado pon normas para regular o traballo.
Estas normas chámanse lexislación laboral.

A lexislación laboral marca:

Se hai salario mínimo e canto é.
A idade mínima para traballar.
A idade de xubilación.
As horas máximas de traballo ao día.
O dereito á folga.
O dereito a pertencer a un sindicato.

Estas normas son moi importantes.
Protexen os dereitos dos traballadores.
Nalgúns países, estes dereitos son moi limitados.

Sindicatos e patronal

Un sindicato é unha asociación que defende aos traballadores.
A patronal é unha asociación que representa ás empresas.

Sindicatos e patronal poden chegar a acordos.
Estes acordos chámanse convenios colectivos.

Os convenios colectivos regulan:

O salario
Os horarios
As vacacións
Outras condicións de traballo

O contrato de traballo

Cada persoa traballadora asina un contrato de traballo coa empresa.
O contrato concreta as condicións persoais de cada traballador.
No contrato indícase:

O horario
O salario
As funcións
As posibilidades de promoción

A produtividade

A produtividade é un concepto importante en economía.
A produtividade mide canto se produce en relación co traballo que se fai.
A produtividade aumenta cando:

Se produce o mesmo con menos persoas.
Ou con menos horas de traballo.

Isto conséguese grazas ás melloras técnicas, á mecanización
e ás novas formas de organizar o traballo.

Audio

Adiviña os conceptos do mercado laboral

Observa as letras, identifica e enche as palabras que faltan.

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O navegador non é compatible con esta ferramenta.

Modelos económicos

O actual modelo económico ten un carácter lineal que resulta daniño para o medio natural e para a sostibilidade económica (capacidade dunha economía para manterse, medrar e funcionar a longo prazo sen esgotar os recursos). Este modelo pode provocar a contaminación da atmosfera, da auga e dos solos, así como o esgotamento dos recursos naturais. Resúmese no esquema: producir, comprar, usar e tirar.

Imaxe que representa o modelo económico lineal.

Como alternativa a este modelo lineal, pouco viable a longo prazo, vén desenvolvéndose desde finais do século XX un modelo de carácter circular, que busca combinar o uso responsable dos recursos naturais co crecemento económico e o benestar social. O seu principio básico é: producir, usar, reutilizar e reciclar.

Para facelo posible, é necesario reducir o consumo de recursos naturais, empregar fontes de enerxía renovables, reutilizar os obxectos antes de desfacerse deles, e reciclar os materiais xa utilizados para que poidan ter unha nova vida útil. Tamén cómpre reparar os produtos antes de desbotalos, reducindo así a obsolescencia programada (estratexia empresarial que consiste en deseñar produtos cunha vida útil limitada).

Imaxe que representa un modelo económico circular.

Lectura facilitada

O modelo económico actual é un modelo lineal.
Isto significa que produce danos ao medio natural
e tamén á sostibilidade económica.
(A sostibilidade económica é a capacidade dunha economía para medrar
e funcionar sen gastar todos os recursos).

Este modelo lineal pode causar:

Contaminación da atmosfera, da auga e do solo.
Esgotamento dos recursos naturais.
Resúmese así: producir, comprar, usar e tirar.

Desde finais do século XX desenvolveuse un modelo circular.

O modelo circular busca:

Usar os recursos naturais de forma responsable.
Fomentar o crecemento económico.
Mellorar o benestar social.
O principio básico do modelo circular é: producir, usar, reutilizar e reciclar.

Para aplicar este modelo, hai que:

Reducir o consumo de recursos naturais.
Empregar enerxía renovable.
Reutilizar os obxectos antes de tiralos.
Reciclar materiais xa usados.
Reparar produtos antes de desfacerse deles.

Isto tamén reduce a obsolescencia programada.
Obsolescencia programada significa crear produtos pensados para que se estraguen pronto.

Audio

Que sabes dos modelos económicos?

Le, desprega e escolle.

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O actual modelo económico ten un carácter @@lineal@@ que resulta daniño para o medio natural e para a sostibilidade económica. Este modelo pode provocar contaminación e o esgotamento dos @@recursos@@ naturais, seguindo o esquema de producir, comprar, @@usar@@ e tirar.

Como alternativa, vén desenvolvéndose un modelo de carácter @@circular@@, que busca combinar o uso responsable dos recursos co benestar social. O seu principio básico é producir, usar, reutilizar e @@reciclar@@.

Para facelo posible, cómpre reducir o consumo de recursos naturais, empregar enerxías renovables e reparar produtos antes de desbotalos, reducindo así a @@obsolescencia programada@@.

O navegador non é compatible con esta ferramenta.

Licenciado baixo a Licenza Creative Commons Atribución Non-comercial Compartir igual 4.0