# Todas as cidades son iguais?

## Glosario

## Plano urbano

Definición:

  Representación gráfica da disposición e trazado dos espazos urbanos.

Exemplo:

O plano urbano permite saber como se dispoñen as rúas e prazas dunha cidade.

## Trama urbana

Definición:

  A trama urbana consiste na disposición dos edificios. A aberta caracterízase por edificios que deixan espazo entre si, sen agruparse. A pechada por edificios que se agrupan ao longo dos rúas.

Exemplo:

Os barrios de casas unifamiliares illadas entre si teñen unha trama totalmente aberta.

# A forma das cidades

O plano urbano é a representación gráfica da disposición e trazado dos espazos urbanos -rúas, prazas, edificacións-. Unha clasificación moi sinxela e útil diferenza os planos regulares (as rúas dispóñense de maneira ordenada, xeométrica, con frecuencia en cuadrícula) e os planos irregulares (as rúas non seguen un patrón xeométrico).

Os planos regulares son típicos de cidades planificadas desde cero. Por exemplo, as cidades fundadas polos romanos ou as colonias fundadas en América. En cambio, os planos irregulares son propios de cidades que foron medrando sen planificación, simplemente porque a xente que chegaba ía sumando edificios aos que xa existían. Son bos exemplos a maioría das cidades europeas de orixe medieval, ou as cidades árabes.

Plano do casco histórico de Ferrol
Plano do casco histórico de Córdoba

No plano da esquerda o rectángulo vermello engloba o casco histórico de Ferrol. A cidade foi planificada no s. XVIII como porto da Armada, por iso o seu plano é regular. O plano do casco histórico de Córdoba (á dereita) é irregular, como é típico das cidades medievais musulmás.

## Lectura facilitada

O plano urbano

é a representación gráfica

da disposición e trazado dos espazos urbanos

-rúas, prazas, edificacións-.

Unha clasificación moi sinxela e útil diferenza:

- Os planos regulares:

As rúas dispóñense de maneira ordenada,

xeométrica, con frecuencia en cuadrícula.

- Os planos irregulares:

As rúas non seguen un patrón xeométrico.

- Os planos radiocéntricos:

As rúas parten dun centro

e teñen unha disposición radial.

Os planos regulares son típicos

de cidades planificadas desde cero.

Por exemplo,

as cidades fundadas polos romanos

ou as colonias fundadas en América.

En cambio, os planos irregulares

son propios de cidades

que foron medrando sen planificación,

simplemente porque a xente que chegaba

ía sumando edificios aos que xa existían.

Son bos exemplos

a maioría das cidades europeas medievais,

ou as cidades árabes.

## Audio

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# Tipos de planos urbanos

Os planos irregulares son típicos das cidades non planificadas: cidades medievais, cidades árabes, sectores de autoconstrución como por exemplo os primeiros suburbios obreiros das cidades europeas, ou áreas de chabolismo, que poden chegar a ser moi extensas nas cidades do Terceiro Mundo.

Favelas de Río de Janeiro

As favelas, como esta de Río de Janeiro, teñen un trazado irregular e caótico. O conxunto créase por adición de casas unha a carón da outra.

Plano do casco histórico de Istambul

O plano de Istambul mostra un patrón irregular, como é típico das cidades musulmás.

Polo que fai aos planos regulares, son propios de cidades planificadas, nas que se deseña o trazado das rúas antes de empezar a edificación. Podemos citar dous exemplos deste tipo de planos:

Plano do sector central de Manhattan (N.I.)

A illa de Manhattan, en Nova Iork, é un bo exemplo de plano ortogonal ou en cuadrícula. Ortogonal significa "en ángulo recto", é así como se dispoñen as rúas. Só algunhas en sentido diagonal rompen a monotonía do plano.

Plano do casco histórico de Vitoria

O casco histórico de Vitoria ofrece un exemplo de plano radioconcéntrico, no que as rúas se dispoñen en círculo (neste caso en óvalo) arredor dun punto central, cortadas por rúas radiais. A razón é que Vitoria disponse sobre un outeiro ao que se adapta o trazado das rúas.

Hoxe en día ningunha cidade ten un único tipo de plano. Tal como as vemos hoxe, as cidades son a suma de moitos sectores diferentes construídos en momentos históricos tamén diferentes. Por exemplo, o centro pode ter un plano irregular, herdanza dun pasado medieval, e os sectores máis modernos ter un plano regular, que á súa vez pode ser ortogonal nun barrio, radial noutro, etc.

## Lectura facilitada

Os planos irregulares son típicos das cidades non planificadas:

cidades medievais,

cidades árabes,

sectores de autoconstrución

como por exemplo os primeiros suburbios obreiros das cidades europeas,

ou áreas de chabolismo,

que poden chegar a ser moi extensas nas cidades do Terceiro Mundo.

As favelas de Río de Janeiro,

teñen un trazado irregular, caótico,

pois o conxunto créase por adición de casas unha a carón da outra.

Polo que fai aos planos regulares,

son propios de cidades planificadas,

nas que se deseña o trazado das rúas antes de empezar a edificación.

Podemos citar dous exemplos deste tipo de planos:

- A illa de Manhattan, en Nova Iork,

é un bo exemplo de plano ortogonal ou en cuadrícula.

Ortogonal significa "en ángulo recto",

é así como se dispoñen as rúas.

Só algunhas en sentido diagonal rompen a monotonía do plano.

- O casco histórico de Vitoria

ofrece un exemplo de plano radioconcéntrico,

no que as rúas se dispoñen en círculo

(neste caso en óvalo)

arredor dun punto central,

cortadas por rúas radiais.

A razón é que Vitoria disponse sobre un outeiro

o trazado das rúas adáptase ao outeiro.

Hoxe en día ningunha cidade ten un único tipo de plano.

Tal como as vemos hoxe,

as cidades son a suma de moitos sectores diferentes

construídos en momentos históricos tamén diferentes.

Por exemplo, o centro pode ter un plano irregular,

herdanza dun pasado medieval,

e os sectores máis modernos ter un plano regular,

que á súa vez pode ser ortogonal nun barrio,

radial noutro, etc.

## Audio

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# Trama aberta e trama pechada

No espazo urbano a trama aberta corresponde a edificios separados uns de outros (como bloques) con espazos máis ou menos amplos entre eles, ou como moito ringleiras de edificios que se van sucedendo sen conectarse. A trama pechada, pola contra, corresponde a un modelo de edificios colindantes uns cos outros dispostos ao longo das rúas, formando quinteiros pechados nos que hai patios interiores.

Tanto a cidade histórica de Siena (imaxe inferior esquerda) como o Upper East Side de Manhattan, en Nova Iork (imaxe inferior dereita), teñen trama pechada.

Siena, casco histórico
Vista aérea del Upper East Side, Manhattan (N.I.)

Na imaxe inferior esquerda vemos en primeiro plano unha trama urbana relativamente aberta, en Harlem, Nova Iork. Se te fixas, a trama faise pechada cara ao fondo da imaxe. Na imaxe inferior dereita, dos suburbios de Sídney (Australia) vemos unha trama completamente aberta, con casas individuais separadas unhas das outras.

Imaxe de Harlem a vista de paxaro
Suburbio de Sídney

## Lectura facilitada

No espazo urbano a trama aberta

corresponde a edificios separados uns de outros

(como bloques)

con espazos máis ou menos amplos entre eles,

ou como moito ringleiras de edificios

que se van sucedendo sen conectarse.

A trama pechada,

pola contra,

corresponde a un modelo de edificios colindantes

uns pegados aos outros

dispostos ao longo das rúas,

formando quinteiros pechados

nos que hai patios interiores.

Tanto a cidade histórica de Siena

como o Upper East Side de Manhattan,

en Nova Iork

teñen trama pechada.

## Audio

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# Clasifica

Arrastra cada imaxe ao contedor que lle corresponde segundo o seu tipo de plano. Para que as vexas ben, aquí tes as imaxes das tarxetas. Preme en cada unha para velas agrandadas.

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0 1 2 3 4 5
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