# A escultura gótica

No campo da escultura, o gótico destaca por incidir nun maior naturalismo e na busca das emocións nas esculturas. Aínda que habitualmente se di que a escultura románica non ten expresividade isto non é certo, o que ocorre é que a escultura gótica, sobre todo a finais, é moi expresiva! Ademais, dende o século dez (X) ata o século trece (XIII) a meirande parte da produción artística conservada é de temática relixiosa, sen embargo coa adquisición de riqueza por parte de mercadores e da nobreza a partires do século trece (XIII) conservamos máis arte de temas laicos: o amor cortés, as historias de heroicos cabaleiros ou a representación de oficios e traballos será común tanto na escultura como na pintura.

Imos falar dalgúns conceptos que destacan na escultura do período gótico:

## Naturalismo

As esculturas son más realistas dende un punto de vista formal. É dicir, aseméllanse máis á realidade grazas á experiencia e á técnica dos escultores.

Compara estas dúas imaxes que representan o mesmo tema: a Virxe co Neno Xesús. A da esquerda é una talla románica do século doce (XII) en madeira, mentres que a da dereita é una escultura gótica do século quince (XV) en alabastro. No caso da dereita, a Virxe ten una postura moito máis natural, cunha lixeira inclinación do corpo. Recordades o "contraposto" da escultura de época clásica? . No século quince (XV) vólvese a recuperar este tipo de postura máis natural e menos ríxida.

Virxe de Ger, (Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña)
Virxe de don Lope de Mendoza, (Catedral de Santiago)

## Expresividade

Os escultores conseguen unha maior expresividade grazas á plasmación de emocións nos rostros das figuras: dor, amor, ledicia, tristura... Tamén se consegue unha maior expresividade ao facer que as figuras interactúen, de xeito que moitas veces rómpese a frontalidade propia do románico e búscanse varios puntos de vista para unha obra.

Sempre se pon como exemplo o anxo sorrinte da catedral de Reims, xa que é unha das primeiras veces que se mostra o sorriso na arte.

Detalle do anxo sorrinte da catedral de Reims, (Francia)

## Temas non relixiosos

Unha das características principais da arte románica é que practicamente a totalidade do que se conserva está relacionado coa relixión. Na escultura gótica temos exemplos de figuras que non teñen que ver cun contexto relixioso, senón que eran produtos puramente laicos. Algunhas destas obras son obxectos de uso cotián, como almofías ou soportes de espellos nos que figuran escenas románticas, ou pequenas esculturas, como este cabaleiro do mestre Pero de Coimbra.

Almofía na forma dun cabaleiro
Soporte de espello de marfil
Cabaleiro medieval

## Lectura facilitada

- A escultura gótica busca formas máis naturais e mostra máis emocións.
  - As esculturas góticas son máis realistas.
- O románico tamén tiña expresividade, pero o gótico acentúaa moito máis.
  - As figuras mostran emocións como dor, amor, ledicia e tristura.
  - As esculturas góticas interactúan entre elas.
  - No románico, as figuras son moi frontais, mentres que as obras góticas poden verse dende varios puntos.
- A partir do século XIII aparecen máis temas non relixiosos grazas ao interese de nobres e mercadores ricos.
  - Algúns destes motivos decoran obxectos de uso diario.

## Audio

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# A escultura monumental

Por outra banda, a escultura monumental -a escultura de gran tamaño que está decorando os edificios- seguiu ocupando o mesmo lugar que nas igrexas románicas. É dicir, seguían decorando tímpanos de portadas e as columnas das xambas, pero a gran novidade é que agora estas esculturas cada vez despéganse máis do muro e da columna, pasando de ser relevos a esculturas exentas. Unha imaxe vale máis ca mil palabras, din, así que imos comparar dous tímpanos e dúas estatuas-columna:

Velaquí tés os tímpanos da portada de Praterías da catedral de Santiago e o da portada oeste da catedral de León. A fachada de Praterías é un dos mellores exemplos de escultura románica en Galicia, mentres que a catedral de León o é do gótico. Aprecias as diferenzas entre un tímpano e outro?

Tímpano románico - Catedral de Santiago
Tímpano gótico - Catedral de León

En canto ás estatuas columna imos marchar a Italia e a Francia. Á esquerda tés as estatuas columna da fachada da catedral de Verona, en Italia. Á dereita tés as dunha catedral que xa coñecemos: a de Reims, en Francia. Observa atentamente como no caso de Reims se trata de esculturas que case poderían sacarse da columna e rodearse completamente, teñen moito máis volume e son moito máis realistas. O escultor de Reims coñecía moi ben as esculturas da Antigüidade clásica, e é que preto de Reims había restos romanos nos que puido inspirarse.

Estatuas columna románicas - Catedral de Verona, Italia
Estatuas columna góticas - Catedral de Reims, Francia

## Lectura facilitada

- A escultura monumental gótica segue nos mesmos lugares que na románica
  - Nos tímpanos das portadas e nas columnas das xambas.
- As esculturas despegábanse máis do muro.
- Isto cambia moito o aspecto visual das portadas.

# Axuda á conservadora a clasificar as esculturas!

Elena é conservadora do Museo de Arte Medieval de Xinzo. Hoxe chegou ao depósito levou un bo susto ao descubrir que alguén estivo cambiando de sitio todas as esculturas medievais da colección! Como está superada polo de traballo, pediuvos que lle botedes unha man clasificando as pezas antes de abrir o museo. Cos vosos coñecementos, podedes clasificar estas esculturas segundo sexan románicas ou góticas?

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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