# A relixión de Mesopotamia

Comezamos o noso percorrido pola relixión de Mesopotamia, na que podemos destacar os seguintes aspectos:

## A relixión de Mesopotamia

### Deuses, deusas e divindades

- As persoas habitantes da antiga Mesopotamia crían en varios deuses e deusas, destacando Anu, deus do ceo, Enlil, deus da auga, Isthar, deusa da guerra e da fecundidade, ou Enki, deus da terra.
- Cada cidade-Estado tiña a súa divindade protectora.
- O seu aspecto e comportamento era humano, pero, a diferenza das persoas, eran inmortais.
- Eran seres temidos pola súa extrema crueldade (un exemplo disto o temos no diluvio que provoca o deus Enlil porque os seres humanos non o deixan durmir).
- As persoas habitantes de Mesopotamia crían que foran creados polos deuses e polas deusas para servirlles e que todos os males que padecían ao longo da súa vida estaban provocados por facer algo mal ou por non manter contentas as divindades.

### Visión negativa da morte

- Tiñan unha visión negativa da morte porque crían que todas as persoas que morrían, tiveran mal ou bo comportamento, acababan nun inframundo onde eran maltratadas e pasaban fame.

### Os sacerdotes e as sacerdotisas

- Os sacerdotes e as sacerdotisas eran os representantes dos deuses e das deusas na terra.
- Eran as únicas persoas que podían acceder aos cigurats, onde residían as divindades.
- Tamén tiñan outras funcións como:
  - Manter o equilibrio do mundo a través da realización de ritos.
  - Coidar as estatuas dos deuses e das deusas e as diversas dependencias do templo.
  - Realizar ritos de adiviñación.
  - Formar a outros sacerdotes e outras sacerdotisas.

### Os templos

- Os templos, chamados cigurats, tiñan as seguintes funcións:
  - Lugar de adoración do deus e da deusa correspondente.
  - Centro de adiviñación.
  - Espazo de estudos astronómicos.

### Libros Sagrados

- Na cultura mesopotámica, sobre todo na babilónica, atopamos un gran número de textos de carácter épico, máxico, moral... recollidos en táboas de arxila.
- Destaca o Poema de Enûma Elish no que se narra a orixe do mundo e o Poema ou Epopeia de Gilgamesh, o texto literario máis antigo do mundo.

## Lectura facilitada

- A poboación mesopotámica cría en varios deuses e deusas.
- Os deuses e as deusas máis importantes eran:
  - Anu.
  - Enlil.
  - Isthar.
  - Enki.
- Cada cidade-Estado tiña a súa divindade protectora.
- Os deuses e as deusas tiñan comportamento humano.
- Os deuses e as deusas eran inmortais.
- Os deuses e as deusas eran crueis.
- A poboación mesopotámica cría que a súa orixe estaba nos deuses e nas deusas, coa función de servirlles.
- A poboación mesopotámica cría que o mal proviña de facer algo incorrecto ou non contentar as divindades.
- Tiñan unha visión negativa da morte.
- Crían que as persoas que morrían acaban nun inframundo maltratadas e famentas.
- Os sacerdotes e as sacerdotisas eran as persoas representantes dos deuses e das deusas na terra e as únicas con acceso aos cigurats.
- Outras funcións dos sacerdotes e das sacerdotisas eran:
  - Realizar ritos para manter o equilibrio do mundo.
  - Coidar as estatuas dos deuses e das deusas e as dependencias do templo.
  - Realizar ritos de adiviñación.
  - Formar a outros sacerdotes e outras sacerdotisas.
- Os cigurats eran:
  - Os templos onde se adoraban os deuses e as deusas.
  - Centros de adiviñación.
  - Espazo de estudos astronómicos.
- Tiñan moitos textos elaborados en táboas de arxila e de carácter:
  - Máxico.
  - Moral.
  - Épico.
- Destaca o Poema de Enûma Elish ou a Epopeia de Gilgamesh.

## Audio

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# Seguindo as pistas sobre Gilgamesh

Presentámosche a Gilgamesh, un heroe da mitoloxía mesopotámica que ten relación cun personaxe do Antigo Testamento. Quen podería ser?

A resposta tela no seguinte vídeo:

# Completar

Despois de ver o vídeo, ademais de coñecer a ese personaxe famoso do Antigo Testamento, aprendiches outras moitas cousas interesantes. Prestaches atención ao vídeo? Saberalo cando completes o seguinte texto, arrastrando as palabras ao seu oco correspondente.

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En Mesopotamia, a pesar de ser unha sociedade marcadamente @@machista@@, destacaron mulleres como @@Enheduanna@@, de orixe acadio, filla do primeiro emperador da historia e @@sacerdotisa@@, que escribía poesía e que foi a persoa que @@asinou@@, por primeira vez na historia da humanidade, o traballo que levara a cabo. Na súa obra "Dama de gran corazón" fala de @@Inanna@@, deusa que Enheduanna relacionaba co planeta @@Venus@@. Noutra parte de Mesopotamia, en Uruk, houbo un heroe, chamado @@Gilgamesh@@, que iniciou unha viaxe para atopar a @@inmortalidade@@, que alcanzou gran @@sabiduría@@, construíu o gran muro de Uruk e que coñeceu a @@Utnapishtim@@, un home que salvou dunha inundación a súa familia e os animais ao construír unha @@arca@@, con axuda dun deus. Esta historia escribiuse @@mil@@ anos antes de que aparecera no @@Antigo Testamento@@, tendo como protagonista da mesma a @@Noé@@.

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