# Móvete, coñece, explora, vive

## Glosario

## Tour operador

Definición.

  Empresa intermediaria entre establecementos turísticos e as axencias de viaxe. Ofrecen paquetes turísticos ás axencias e estas véndenllos aos seus clientes.

Exemplo.

  Os tour operadores poden vender todo o que necesitamos para viaxar: billetes, hotel, seguros e entradas.

# O turismo

O turismo é un desprazamento temporal de polo menos 24 horas, sendo turista quen o realiza. Cando a estancia non inclúe pasar a noite, fálase de visitante.

O turismo pode clasificarse en función de dous criterios principais:

## Segundo o lugar de destino

### Turismo interior

O turismo interior é dentro do país de residencia.

### Turismo exterior

Neste tipo de turismo viáxase a un país diferente.

## Segundo a motivación

### Turismo por ocio

Este é o turismo dominante. Ten á súa vez múltiples modalidades, que con frecuencia se solapan entre si:

- Turismo de sol e praia, un dos máis masivos actualmente.
- Turismo ligado á auga en balnearios e actividades acuáticas en mares, lagos e ríos.
- Turismo de montaña, con actividades como esquí, alpinismo, sendeirismo, deportes de aventura e actividades na natureza.
- Turismo rural é un termo xenérico cando o destino é o medio rural.
- Turismo cultural céntrase no coñecemento do patrimonio artístico ou cultural.

### Turismo por motivos profesionais

Inclúe asistencia a feiras de mostras, congresos e cursos de formación.

### Turismo por motivos persoais

Inclúe visitas a coñecidos, compras, saúde (balnearios) ou relixión (peregrinacións e visitas a santuarios).

## Lectura facilitada

O turismo é un desprazamento temporal de polo menos 24 horas.
Quen viaxa é o turista.
Se a estancia non inclúe pasar a noite, falamos de visitantes.

O turismo clasifícase por dous criterios:

- Segundo o lugar de destino:
  - Turismo interior: dentro do país de residencia
  - Turismo exterior: noutro país

- Segundo a motivación:
  - Turismo de ocio: é o máis común.

- - Turismo profesional: feiras, congresos, cursos.

- - Turismo persoal: visitar coñecidos, compras,
    saúde (balnearios), relixión (peregrinacións, santuarios).

Modalidades do turismo de ocio:

- Sol e praia: un dos máis populares
- Agua: balnearios, actividades en mares, ríos e lagos
- Montaña: esquí, sendeirismo, alpinismo, deportes de aventura
- Rural: viaxes ao medio rural
- Cultural: coñecer o patrimonio artístico e cultural

## Audio

audio/mpeg

## O turismo moderno

O turismo moderno naceu no século XIX, e durante moito tempo foi exclusivo das elites. Converteuse nun fenómeno de masas na segunda metade do século XX, debido a:

- Implantación das vacacións anuais retribuídas e incremento do nivel de vida
- Desenvolvemento de medios de transporte máis baratos e rápidos
- Fácil planificación das viaxes grazas ás tecnoloxías da información e a comunicación
- Valoración social das viaxes
- Aumento da oferta de aloxamento
- Intensa promoción turística por parte de países, cidades, empresas e institucións

## Lectura facilitada

Historia do turismo moderno:
Naceu no século XIX,
antes só podían viaxar as elites.
pero no século XX converteuse nun fenómeno de masas por:

- Xeneralización das vacacións anuais retribuídas
- Mellora do nivel de vida
- Medios de transporte máis baratos e rápidos
- Planificación de viaxes máis fácil con tecnoloxías
- Valoración social das viaxes
- Máis oferta de aloxamento
- Promoción turística intensa por países, cidades e empresas

## Audio

audio/mpeg

# Viaxando polo turismo

Le, desprega e escolle

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O turismo que se realiza dentro do país de residencia do turista chámaselle @@interior@@.
O turismo que ten lugar fóra do país de residencia é o turismo @@exterior@@.
Visitar familiares ou realizar actividades relixiosas corresponde ao turismo por motivos @@persoais@@.
As feiras, congresos ou cursos de formación son exemplos de turismo por motivos @@profesionais@@.
O turismo realizado por diversión, descanso ou coñecer espazos novos denomínase turismo por motivos de @@ocio@@.
Un dos factores que favoreceu o crecemento do turismo desde mediados do século XX foi o @@aumento@@ do nivel de vida.
Outro factor que favoreceu o turismo é o desenvolvemento dos medios de @@transporte@@.
A mellora dos medios de @@información@@ e comunicación axuda a planificación das viaxes.
O aumento da oferta de @@aloxamento@@ e a promoción turística realizada por cidades, empresas e institucións fomentou o crecemento do turismo.

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# Consecuencias do turismo

O turismo xera no territorio dous tipos de efectos:

Efectos da actividade turística
Efectos positivos | Efectos negativos
--- | ---
Incrementa a entrada de ingresos e divisas. Posibilita a creación de numerosos postos de traballo. Activa a construción, o comercio e a hostalería. Desenvolve o transporte. Favorece o contacto con diferentes culturas. Contribúe á fixación da poboación no campo (no caso do turismo rural). | Incrementa os prezos, en particular da vivenda. Xera moitos traballos precarios, normalmente pouco cualificados e mal pagados. É en xeral unha actividade moi estacional, con empregos temporais. Altera a vida cotiá dos residentes. Causa graves danos medioambientais. Aumenta a demanda de recursos naturais, como a auga. Xera moitos residuos. Causa graves danos medioambientais. Nos países menos desenvolvidos, gran parte dos beneficios son apropiados por grandes empresas (tour operadores) de países desenvolvidos.

## Lectura facilitada

O turismo xera dous tipos de efectos:

- Efectos positivos:
  - Incrementa a entrada de ingresos e divisas.
  - Posibilita a creación de numerosos postos de traballo.
  - Activa a construción, o comercio e a hostalería.
  - Desenvolve o transporte.
  - Favorece o contacto con diferentes culturas.
  - Pode contribuír á fixación da poboación no campo (no caso do turismo rural).

- Negativos:
  - Incrementa os prezos, en particular da vivenda.
  - Xera moitos traballos precarios,
    normalmente pouco cualificados e mal pagados.

- - É en xeral unha actividade moi estacional,
    con empregos temporais.

- - Altera a vida cotiá dos residentes.
  - Causa graves danos medioambientais.
    - Aumenta a demanda de recursos naturais como a auga.
    - Xera moitos residuos.

Ademais, nos países menos desenvolvidos,
gran parte dos beneficios son apropiados
por grandes empresas denominadas tour operadores
de países desenvolvidos.

## Audio

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# Nin todo bo, nin todo malo

Arrastra cada tarxeta ata o seu contedor.

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# Turismo e territorio

O turismo é un importante factor de urbanización, como vemos nas estacións de esquí ou en litorais como o Mediterráneo ou o do sueste asiático. Hoteis e apartamentos turísticos urbanizaron áreas onde non existía poboamento, ou transformaron pequenas vilas en cidades.

Costa de Tailandia

A costa de Tailandia é un exemplo de urbanización ligada ao turismo

Urbanización dun espazo montañoso

A urbanización dun espazo montañoso só se explica pola actividade turística

A estacionalidade do turismo (concéntrase en certas épocas do ano) crea problemas de xestión do territorio: multiplica a poboación dalgunhas cidades e vilas durante uns meses, saturando infraestruturas e servizos (sumidoiros, recollida de lixo, alumeado público, subministro de auga...) que, no entanto, quedan infrautilizados o resto do ano.

O sobreturismo é un problema crecente nalgunhas cidades europeas, pois altera gravemente a vida dos veciños, ata o punto de que as cidades quedan baleiras dos seus habitantes e énchense de aloxamentos turísticos, converténdose en museos ao aire libre.

Gran cruceiro en Venecia

Venecia ofrece un bo exemplo do dano do sobreturismo. A cidade prohibiu a entrada de grandes cruceiros como os que podes ver na imaxe, e cobra por entrar na cidade. O número de residentes desplomouse al longo do século XXI.

Masificación turística en Miconos

A masificación turística, como a da illa grega de Miconos, acaba destruíndo o encanto do lugar visitado, que literalmente corre o risco de acabar "morrendo de éxito".

## Lectura facilitada

- O turismo cambia o territorio.
  Exemplo: estacións de esquí ou praias do Mediterráneo.
  Constrúense hoteis e apartamentos
  onde antes non había poboación.
  Algúns pobos convertéronse en cidades por mor do turismo.

- Estacionalidade:
  O turismo concéntrase en certas épocas do ano.
  Isto aumenta moito a poboación durante uns meses.

- As infraestruturas satúranse:
  Sumidoiros, lixo, luz, auga…
  Fóra da tempada,
  estas infraestruturas quedan pouco usadas.

- Sobreturismo:
  Ten lugar cando hai demasiados turistas nun lugar.
  Os veciños ven afectada a súa vida.
  As cidades poden quedar baleiras de habitantes e cheas de turistas,
  converténdose en “museos ao aire libre”.

## Audio

audio/mpeg

# Os fluxos turísticos

Os países máis ricos e poboados son os principais emisores do turismo internacional: América do Norte, Europa, Xapón e, cada vez máis, China. Os principais destinos son países con recursos turísticos (patrimonio cultural e natural, sol e praia, montañas...), infraestrutura hoteleira e de transporte adecuada, e percibidos como razoablemente seguros.

Europa lidera o turismo mundial. Francia é o país máis visitado do mundo, polo seu patrimonio histórico e artístico. España é o segundo destino mundial, cun importante turismo masivo de sol e praia. Hai que ter en conta algúns países moi pequenos que non poden acoller millóns de persoas, pero teñen un intenso turismo: destinos montañeiros como Nepal, ou arquipélagos tropicais como Maldivas ou Seychelles.

Europa no seu conxunto, lidera o turismo mundial, con Francia e España á cabeza.

Os turistas proceden sobre todo dos países con alto nivel de vida.

Gran parte do turismo mundial é rexional: os turistas viaxan aos países próximos, pero a xeneralización das viaxes aéreas low cost popularizou destinos afastados, como o sueste asiático para europeos e americanos.

## Lectura facilitada

Os países máis ricos envían máis turistas:

- América do Norte
- Europa
- Xapón
- Cada vez máis China

Os destinos son países con:

- Recursos turísticos (cultura, natureza, sol, praia, montaña)
- Boas infraestruturas de hoteis e transporte
- Seguridade razoable

Europa lidera o turismo mundial:

- Francia: país máis visitado (patrimonio histórico e artístico)
- España: segundo país máis visitado (sol e praia)

Algúns países pequenos teñen turismo intenso:

- Nepal (montañas).
- Maldivas ou Seychelles (arquipélagos tropicais).

Moito turismo é rexional: viaxan a países próximos.
As viaxes low cost fixeron populares destinos afastados.
Exemplo: europeos viaxan ao sueste asiático.

## Audio

audio/mpeg

# Barcelona non quere morrer por exceso de turismo

com/watch?v=ERLaND7jvRA?si=ysnzeDkquMREIj1M

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