# 3.2. América

## Glosario

## Canto responsorial

Definición:

  Forma de canto na que unha persoa ou grupo canta unha frase e outro grupo responde con outra frase musical.

Exemplo:

  No gospel, o solista canta unha frase e o coro responde, seguindo o modelo do canto responsorial.

## Hibridación

Definición:

  Proceso polo que se mesturan elementos de diferentes culturas, dando lugar a novas formas de expresión, como estilos musicais novos.

Exemplo:

  A música americana xurdiu da hibridación entre culturas indíxenas, africanas e europeas.

# Un continente multicultural

Continúa a túa viaxe musical facendo parada en América, para escoitar músicas que naceron do encontro entre diferentes culturas e formas de expresión.

É un territorio fondamente marcado pola colonización europea e chegada forzosa de millóns de africanos escravizados entre os séculos XVI e XIX. Isto supuxo o espallamento de ritmos, modos de canto e instrumentos que hibridados coas músicas indíxenas e europeas supuxo o nacemento de diferentes estilos.

Para o estudo da música americana, dividimos o continente en dúas grandes zonas:

1. América do Norte: inclúe as tradicións musicais dos pobos indíxenas norteamericanos.
2. América Latina: comprende o Caribe, Centroamérica e América do Sur.

## Características da música americana

- - A música de América do Norte está marcada polo canto, a percusión e o seu uso ritual; ademais moita da música folclórica e popular comercial xurdiu da hibridación da música europea e da africana. Dela aquí xurdiron estilos como gospel, blues, soul e jazz.
  - Na música de América Latina fusiónanse tres raíces principais. A música indíxena dos maias, aztecas e pobos andinos, a influenza ibérica das formas estróficas e ritmos regulares, e por último a tradición africana que achega a complexidade rítmica da percusión e o canto responsorial. Da súa mestura xurdiron numerosos xéneros como a samba, a cumbia, a salsa ou o bolero.
  - A música americana emprega instrumentos autóctonos como o teponaztli, diferentes aerófonos de arxila e unha gran variedade de frautas nativas e instrumentos de percusión os tambores de marco como o kultrun. Atopamos influenzas africanas nos instrumentos de percusión, e europeas como no acordeón, pero sobre todo nos cordófonos, guitarras, charango, tres cubano, cuatro venezolano, guitarrón etc.

- O cajón, coñecido en Perú como cajón peruano, é un instrumento de percusión de orixe afroperuana documentado na bibliografía etnomusicolóxica (Blades, 1970). A finais dos anos 1970 foi incorporado ao flamenco por Paco de Lucía, quen, xunto co percusionista Rubem Dantas, identificou nel unha solución eficaz á necesidade de percusión deste xénero. A partir da súa introdución no sexteto de Paco de Lucía, o instrumento foi adaptándose ás esixencias do flamenco, dando lugar ao chamado cajón flamenco, que co tempo se converteu nun elemento fundamental do flamenco contemporáneo e doutras músicas internacionais. Blades, J. (1970). Percussion instruments and their history. London: Faber & Faber.

## Lectura facilitada

Agora viaxas por América.
América é un continente moi grande.

En América hai músicas moi diferentes.
Estas músicas naceron da mestura de culturas.

Chegaron persoas de Europa.
Tamén chegaron persoas africanas traídas á forza.
Estas persoas mesturaron a súa música coa música dos pobos indíxenas.

Así naceron novos estilos musicais.

Dividimos América en dúas grandes zonas, América do Norte e América Latina.

En América do Norte xurdiron estilos como o gospel, o blues e o jazz.
En América Latina xurdiron estilos como a samba, a salsa e o bolero.

A música americana usa moitos instrumentos.

Usa instrumentos de percusión.
Usa frautas tradicionais.
Usa instrumentos de corda como a guitarra.

Tamén se usa o cajón.
O cajón é un instrumento de percusión.
O cajón naceu en Perú.
O cajón ten orixe africana.
Hoxe o cajón úsase no flamenco e noutras músicas do mundo.

## Audio

audio/mpeg

# Coñeces xa a música americana?

Mira o vídeo de Duerme negrito e contesta o test.

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